{"id":320,"date":"2026-01-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/?p=320"},"modified":"2026-01-07T10:52:33","modified_gmt":"2026-01-07T15:52:33","slug":"executive-power","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/2026\/01\/05\/executive-power\/","title":{"rendered":"Executive Power"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
The White House in Washington DC on Oct. 21, 2025. Article 2 of the Constitution establishes the office of the presidency, including pardoning powers. Photo by Lily Goldblatt<\/p>\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/11\/white-house_10212025-1024x683.jpg\" src=\"http:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/11\/white-house_10212025-1024x683.jpg\" alt class=\"wp-image-274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/11\/white-house_10212025-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/11\/white-house_10212025-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/11\/white-house_10212025-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/11\/white-house_10212025-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/11\/white-house_10212025-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">
The White House in Wash\u00ading\u00adton, DC, on Oct. 21, 2025. Arti\u00adcle 2 of the Con\u00adsti\u00adtu\u00adtion estab\u00adlish\u00ades the office of the pres\u00adi\u00adden\u00adcy, includ\u00ading par\u00addon\u00ading pow\u00aders. Pho\u00adto by Lily Gold\u00adblatt.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Arti\u00adcle 2, Sec\u00adtion 1, estab\u00adlished the office of the pres\u00adi\u00adden\u00adcy. The clause requires that the pres\u00adi\u00addent and the exec\u00adu\u00adtive branch \u201cfaith\u00adful\u00adly exe\u00adcutes\u201d the laws put in place by Con\u00adgress. One of the ways the pres\u00adi\u00addent can do this is through exec\u00adu\u00adtive orders.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Accord\u00ading to the Amer\u00adi\u00adcan Bar Asso\u00adci\u00ada\u00adtion, exec\u00adu\u00adtive orders are the pres\u00adi\u00addent \u201cdirect\u00ading a fed\u00ader\u00adal offi\u00adcial or admin\u00adis\u00adtra\u00adtive agency to engage in a course of action or refrain from a course of action.\u201d While there is no spe\u00adcif\u00adic pro\u00advi\u00adsion of the Con\u00adsti\u00adtu\u00adtion that men\u00adtions exec\u00adu\u00adtive orders, the exec\u00adu\u00adtive vest\u00ading and take care claus\u00ades are inter\u00adpret\u00aded to estab\u00adlish this pow\u00ader.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exec\u00adu\u00adtive orders can be over\u00adturned by the pres\u00adi\u00addent, future pres\u00adi\u00addents or inval\u00adi\u00addat\u00aded by leg\u00adis\u00adla\u00adtion passed by Con\u00adgress.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The total exec\u00adu\u00adtive orders issued by each pres\u00adi\u00addent has var\u00adied wide\u00adly. The 18th pres\u00adi\u00addent, Ulysses S. Grant, was the first pres\u00adi\u00addent to have more than 100 exec\u00adu\u00adtive orders (217), accord\u00ading to The Amer\u00adi\u00adcan Pres\u00adi\u00adden\u00adcy Project. Franklin D. Roo\u00adsevelt, who served longer than any oth\u00ader pres\u00adi\u00addent (1932\u20131945), had the most exec\u00adu\u00adtive orders at 3,726.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In his first term, Pres\u00adi\u00addent Don\u00adald Trump signed 220 exec\u00adu\u00adtive orders. He has almost matched that num\u00adber in just the first year of his sec\u00adond term with 218 exec\u00adu\u00adtive orders as of Dec. 6, accord\u00ading to the Fed\u00ader\u00adal Reg\u00adis\u00adter.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

President Donald Trump signing an executive order in the Oval Office. Trump has signed 218 executive orders in the first year of his second term. Photo courtesy of the White House<\/p>\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/SOC-DEI-Trump-Signing-order-1024x682.jpg\" src=\"http:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/SOC-DEI-Trump-Signing-order-1024x682.jpg\" alt class=\"wp-image-565\" srcset=\"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/SOC-DEI-Trump-Signing-order-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/SOC-DEI-Trump-Signing-order-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/SOC-DEI-Trump-Signing-order-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/SOC-DEI-Trump-Signing-order-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/SOC-DEI-Trump-Signing-order.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">
Pres\u00adi\u00addent Don\u00adald Trump sign\u00ading an exec\u00adu\u00adtive order in the Oval Office. Trump has signed 218 exec\u00adu\u00adtive orders in the first year of his sec\u00adond term. Pho\u00adto cour\u00adtesy of the White House.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The Con\u00adsti\u00adtu\u00adtion didn\u2019t estab\u00adlish term lim\u00adits for the pres\u00adi\u00addent. The first pres\u00adi\u00addent, George Wash\u00ading\u00adton, stepped down from the pres\u00adi\u00adden\u00adcy after two terms, set\u00adting a prece\u00addent that all pres\u00adi\u00addents fol\u00adlowed until Roo\u00adsevelt, who served for four terms. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1951, Con\u00adgress rat\u00adi\u00adfied the 22nd amend\u00adment, lim\u00adit\u00ading the pres\u00adi\u00adden\u00adcy to two terms of four years. A per\u00adson who has served as pres\u00adi\u00addent for over two years, such as a vice pres\u00adi\u00addent serv\u00ading after a pres\u00adi\u00addent dies or resigns mid-term, can only be elect\u00aded to one full term.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Despite this, Trump and his sup\u00adport\u00aders have often float\u00aded the idea that he would run for a third term. In an inter\u00adview with NBC <\/a>in 2025, Trump said that \u201cthere are meth\u00adods\u201d to get him a third term in office but declined to elab\u00ado\u00adrate. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arti\u00adcle 2 also estab\u00adlish\u00ades the president\u2019s par\u00addon\u00ading pow\u00ader. They can only par\u00addon fed\u00ader\u00adal offens\u00ades and can\u00adnot par\u00addon impeach\u00adments. While for\u00admer Pres\u00adi\u00addent Joe Biden holds the record of clemen\u00adcy actions grant\u00aded at 4,245 accord\u00ading to the fed\u00ader\u00adal Office of the Par\u00addon Attor\u00adney, most of Biden\u2019s clemen\u00adcy grants came in his last three-and-a-half months in office. He grant\u00aded no par\u00addons in his first year. In his first term, Trump grant\u00aded just 238 acts of clemen\u00adcy accord\u00ading to the U.S. Office of the Par\u00addon Attor\u00adney. In his sec\u00adond term, how\u00adev\u00ader, he began using his par\u00addon pow\u00ader right away, grant\u00adi\u00adng clemen\u00adcy on his very first day to over 1,500 peo\u00adple con\u00advict\u00aded of crimes relat\u00aded to the Jan. 6, 2021, attack on the U.S. Capi\u00adtol by the president\u2019s sup\u00adport\u00aders.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trump par\u00addoned for\u00admer Repub\u00adli\u00adcan Rep. George San\u00adtos, who was rough\u00adly three months into his sev\u00aden-year sen\u00adtence for fraud and iden\u00adti\u00adty theft. Jus\u00adti\u00adfy\u00ading the par\u00addon, Trump said San\u00adtos\u2019 words mis\u00adlead\u00ading vot\u00aders<\/a> about his back\u00adground and finan\u00adcial sta\u00adtus, includ\u00ading lying about char\u00adi\u00adty orga\u00adni\u00adza\u00adtions, his degree, his \u201cfam\u00adi\u00adly firm,\u201d past jobs and more were no worse than mis\u00adlead\u00ading state\u00adments Demo\u00adc\u00adra\u00adt\u00adic Sen. Richard Blu\u00admen\u00adthal from Con\u00adnecti\u00adcut made about his mil\u00adi\u00adtary ser\u00advice in 2010 accord\u00ading to the AP. Blu\u00admen\u00adthal apol\u00ado\u00adgized for the com\u00adments at the time of the con\u00adtro\u00adver\u00adsy, admit\u00adting he mis\u00adspoke. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThis is far worse than what George San\u00adtos did, and at least San\u00adtos had the Courage, Con\u00advic\u00adtion, and Intel\u00adli\u00adgence to ALWAYS VOTE REPUBLICAN!\u201d Trump wrote on Truth Social<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In May, Trump par\u00addoned for\u00admer Con\u00adnecti\u00adcut Gov. John Row\u00adland, a Repub\u00adli\u00adcan, who served from 1995 to 2004 before resign\u00ading dur\u00ading a fed\u00ader\u00adal cor\u00adrup\u00adtion inves\u00adti\u00adga\u00adtion into gifts he received from state con\u00adtrac\u00adtors. He served 10 months in a fed\u00ader\u00adal prison and anoth\u00ader 30 months after anoth\u00ader crim\u00adi\u00adnal con\u00advic\u00adtion in 2014 for a cam\u00adpaign law vio\u00adla\u00adtion. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2014by Mikay\u00adla Bun\u00adnell, UConn Jour\u00adnal\u00adism<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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EXECUTIVE POWER<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
NATIONAL GUARD<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
REDISTRICTING<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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DUE PROCESS<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
IMPEACHMENT<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
ELECTIONS<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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NO KINGS<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
COURTS<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n
TARIFFS<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Back to Con\u00adsti\u00adtu\u00adtion Main Page<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Arti\u00adcle 2, Sec\u00adtion 1, estab\u00adlished the office of the pres\u00adi\u00adden\u00adcy. The clause requires that the pres\u00adi\u00addent and the exec\u00adu\u00adtive branch \u201cfaith\u00adful\u00adly exe\u00adcutes\u201d the laws put in place by Con\u00adgress. One of the ways the pres\u00adi\u00addent can do this is through exec\u00adu\u00adtive orders.   Accord\u00ading to the Amer\u00adi\u00adcan Bar Asso\u00adci\u00ada\u00adtion, exec\u00adu\u00adtive orders are the pres\u00adi\u00addent \u201cdirect\u00ading a [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1086,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[176],"tags":[116,108,33,91,130,131],"class_list":["post-320","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-constitution","tag-article-2","tag-constitution","tag-executive-orders","tag-executive-power","tag-pardons","tag-term-limits"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":712,"url":"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/2026\/01\/05\/executive-orders\/","url_meta":{"origin":320,"position":0},"title":"Trump uses executive orders to expand power ","author":"Christi Thrower","date":"January 5, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"By Christi ThrowerUConn Journalism President Donald Trump signing an executive order in the Oval Office. Trump signed 218 executive orders in the first year of his second term. Photo courtesy of the White House. While executive orders are intended as stopgap measures to bypass Congress for important acts,\u00a0some experts say\u00a0President\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Executive Power"","block_context":{"text":"Executive Power","link":"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/category\/executive-power\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/SOC-DEI-Trump-Signing-order.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/SOC-DEI-Trump-Signing-order.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/SOC-DEI-Trump-Signing-order.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/SOC-DEI-Trump-Signing-order.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/SOC-DEI-Trump-Signing-order.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/SOC-DEI-Trump-Signing-order.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":336,"url":"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/2026\/01\/05\/constitutional-crisis-or-executive-prerogative\/","url_meta":{"origin":320,"position":1},"title":"Constitutional crisis or executive prerogative?","author":"Mikayla Bunnell","date":"January 5, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"How Trump's actions on due process, courts, elections and executive power stack up against our nation's founding document The Constitution of the United States, \"The Signing\" by artist Howard Chandler Christy, circa 1900. Courtesy of Library of Congress By Mikayla BunnellUConn Journalism \"We the People of the United States, in\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Constitution"","block_context":{"text":"Constitution","link":"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/category\/constitution\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/signing-of-constitution-1900-Howard_Chandler_Christy-artist.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/signing-of-constitution-1900-Howard_Chandler_Christy-artist.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/signing-of-constitution-1900-Howard_Chandler_Christy-artist.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/signing-of-constitution-1900-Howard_Chandler_Christy-artist.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1353,"url":"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/2026\/01\/05\/unitary-executive-theory-helps-trump-expand-power\/","url_meta":{"origin":320,"position":2},"title":"Historic dispute over \u2018unitary executive\u2019 advances in Trump era","author":"Charlotte Harvey","date":"January 5, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"By Charlotte Harvey\u00a0UConn Journalism A political theory that has been advancing for 100 years is now more influential than ever before\u00a0\u2013 taking center stage in recent Supreme Court arguments, despite many\u00a0experts claiming it invalid.\u00a0\u00a0 The\u00a0unitary\u00a0executive\u00a0theory\u00a0is a political,\u00a0legal\u00a0and constitutional theory that asserts that all the power of the executive branch is\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Executive Power"","block_context":{"text":"Executive Power","link":"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/category\/executive-power\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"Washington delivering his inaugural address April 1789, in the old city hall, New-York.","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2026\/01\/Washington-at-First-Congress-1789.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2026\/01\/Washington-at-First-Congress-1789.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2026\/01\/Washington-at-First-Congress-1789.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":365,"url":"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/2026\/01\/05\/how-20th-century-presidents-grew-power-at-home-and-abroad\/","url_meta":{"origin":320,"position":3},"title":"How 20th century presidents grew power at home and abroad","author":"Dan Stark","date":"January 5, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"By Mikayla BunnellUConn Journalism Read more to learn about expansions of executive power under presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt, Lyndon B. Johnson and Ronald Reagan. Franklin D. Roosevelt\u00a0(1933-1945)\u00a0 Expansions under the New Deal and a proposed way to reshape the Supreme Court Franklin D. Roosevelt expanded the presidency to more than\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "presidents"","block_context":{"text":"presidents","link":"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/category\/presidents\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/Roosevelt-2.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/Roosevelt-2.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/Roosevelt-2.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/Roosevelt-2.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/Roosevelt-2.png?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/Roosevelt-2.png?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":363,"url":"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/2026\/01\/05\/elections\/","url_meta":{"origin":320,"position":4},"title":"Elections","author":"Mikayla Bunnell","date":"January 5, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"\"I Voted\" sticker from California's 2020 election. As the most populous state, California has the most electoral college votes at 54. Photo courtesy of @californiasos_ on Instagram Article 2, Section 1 sets up the electoral college \u2014 the process that actually elects the president, not the popular vote. \u00a0 There\u2026","rel":"","context":"In "Constitution"","block_context":{"text":"Constitution","link":"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/category\/constitution\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/EXEC-FIRST3-California_Digital_I_Voted_Sticker_2020.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/EXEC-FIRST3-California_Digital_I_Voted_Sticker_2020.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/EXEC-FIRST3-California_Digital_I_Voted_Sticker_2020.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/EXEC-FIRST3-California_Digital_I_Voted_Sticker_2020.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/EXEC-FIRST3-California_Digital_I_Voted_Sticker_2020.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/files\/2025\/12\/EXEC-FIRST3-California_Digital_I_Voted_Sticker_2020.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":375,"url":"https:\/\/digitaljournalism.uconn.edu\/balance-of-power\/2026\/01\/05\/executive-power-increases-in-21st-century\/","url_meta":{"origin":320,"position":5},"title":"21st century executive power starts with the \u2018War on Terror\u2019 and unitary executive theory","author":"Dan Stark","date":"January 5, 2026","format":false,"excerpt":"By Lily GoldblattUConn Journalism Read here to learn more about expansions of executive power in the 2000s by Presidents George W. Bush, Barack Obama and Donald Trump during his first term. George W. Bush\u00a0(2001-2009) The War on Terror and the unitary executive theory President George W. Bush. 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